Reformed Confessions & Catechisms

2nd Commandment (Images)

18 passages across 5 documents address 2nd Commandment (Images). The full text of each is below.

About this doctrine

I. The Distinction and Design of the Commandment

"In the first commandment worshiping a false God is forbidden; in this commandment, worshiping the true God in a false manner is forbidden." [Thomas Watson - The Ten Commandments (Modernized)]

"The first commandment forbids one form of idolatry, as when another God is worshipped; the second forbids another species of idolatry, as when the true God is worshipped differently from what he ought to be." [Zacharias Ursinus - Commentary on the Heidelberg]

"The worship required in the first commandment hath a respect unto the object of worship, whereby we are bound to worship the true God, and none else: the worship required in the second commandment hath a respect unto the means of worship, whereby we are bound to worship God according to the way and means of his own appointment, and no other."

II. What Is Enjoined: Spiritual and Prescribed Worship

"The second commandment requireth the receiving, observing, and keeping pure and entire, all such religious worship and ordinances as God hath appointed in his word." "The end, or design of this commandment is, that the true God, who in the first precept commanded that he alone should be worshipped, be worshipped under a proper form, or with such worship as it is right and proper that intelligent creatures should pay unto him—such as is pleasing to him, and not with such worship as that which is according to the imagination and device of man: Or, we may say that the design of this commandment is, that the worship of God as prescribed be preserved pure and uncorrupted, and not be violated by any form of superstitious worship." [Zacharias Ursinus - Commentary on the Heidelberg]

"The first foundation of righteousness undoubtedly is the worship of God. When it is subverted, all the other parts of righteousness, like a building rent asunder, and in ruins, are racked and scattered." [John Calvin - Institutes]

"To worship God truly, is to worship him in the manner which he himself has prescribed in his word." [Zacharias Ursinus - Commentary on the Heidelberg]

"The worship of God is the beginning and foundation of righteousness; and that wherever it is wanting, any degree of equity, or continence, or temperance, existing among men themselves, is empty and frivolous in the sight of God." [John Calvin - Institutes]

III. What Is Forbidden: Representing the Incomprehensible

"This commandment forbids, on the other hand, every form of will-worship, or such as is false, requiring that we neither regard or worship images and creatures for God, nor represent the true God by any image or figure, nor worship him at or by images, or with any other kind of worship which he himself has not prescribed." [Zacharias Ursinus - Commentary on the Heidelberg]

"To make a true image of God is impossible. God is a spiritual essence and, being a Spirit, he is invisible." [Thomas Watson - The Ten Commandments (Modernized)]

"The Lord, however, not only forbids any image of himself to be erected by a statuary, but to be formed by any artist whatever, because every such image is sinful and insulting to his majesty." "...the majesty of God is defiled by an absurd and indecorous fiction, when he who is incorporeal is assimilated to corporeal matter; he who is invisible to a visible image; he who is a spirit to an inanimate object; and he who fills all space to a bit of paltry wood, or stone, or gold." "We think it unlawful to give a visible shape to God, because God himself has forbidden it, and because it cannot be done without, in some degree, tarnishing his glory." [John Calvin - Institutes]

"God neither can nor may be represented by any means; but as to creatures, though they may be represented, yet God forbids us to make, or have any resemblance of them, either in order to worship them, or to serve God by them." [Zacharias Ursinus - Commentary on the Heidelberg]

IV. The Unlawfulness and Absurdity of Image Worship

"Idolatry consists not only in the worship of false gods, but in the worship of the true God by images." [Charles Hodge - Systematic Theology]

"The thing prohibited in this commandment is image-worship. To set up an image to represent God, is debasing him." "What greater disparagement to the infinite God than to represent him—by that which is finite; the living God—by that which is without life; and the Maker of all—by a thing which is made?" "To worship God by an image, is both absurd and unlawful." "Is it not an absurd thing to bow down to the king's picture, when the king himself is present? It is more so to bow down to an image of God, when God himself is everywhere present." [Thomas Watson - The Ten Commandments (Modernized)]

"It makes no difference whether they worship the idol simply, or God in the idol; it is always idolatry when divine honours are paid to an idol, be the colour what it may." [John Calvin - Institutes]

"Wherefore, inasmuch as God has forbidden both that images should be made of him, and that he should be worshipped at images, which are made for him, or for creatures, it is manifest that he is not honored, but disgraced whenever it is attempted to worship him, against his will, at and under images." [Zacharias Ursinus - Commentary on the Heidelberg]

"The superstition forbidden in the second commandment, is the worshipping of God in any other way, or by any other means, than what he hath appointed in his Word, and thus adding human inventions unto God's institutions; which is will-worship..." [Thomas Vincent - The Shorter Catechism]

"No; for we must not pretend to be wiser than God, who will have his people taught not by dumb images, but by the lively preaching of his word." [Zacharias Ursinus - Commentary on the Heidelberg]

V. The Special Prohibition of Picturing Jesus Christ

"Is it not lawful to have pictures of Jesus Christ, he being a man as well as God? No! ... It is Christ's Godhead, united to his manhood, which makes him to be Christ; therefore to picture his manhood, when we cannot picture his Godhead, is a sin, because we make him to be but half Christ—we separate what God has joined, we leave out that which is the chief thing which makes him to be Christ." [Thomas Watson - The Ten Commandments (Modernized)]

"It is not lawful to have pictures of Jesus Christ, because his divine nature cannot be pictured at all; and because his body, as it is now glorified, cannot be pictured as it is; and because, if it do not stir up devotion, it is in vain --if it do stir up devotion, it is a worshipping by an image or picture, and so a palpable breach of the second commandment." [Thomas Vincent - The Shorter Catechism]

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Question 80

Q. How does the Lord's Supper differ from the Roman Catholic Mass?

A. The Lord's Supper declares to us that all our sins are completely forgiven through the one sacrifice of Jesus Christ, which he himself accomplished on the cross once for all. It also declares to us that the Holy Spirit grafts us into Christ, who with his true body is now in heaven at the right hand of the Father where he wants us to worship him. But the Mass teaches that the living and the dead do not have their sins forgiven through the suffering of Christ unless Christ is still offered for them daily by the priests. It also teaches that Christ is bodily present under the form of bread and wine where Christ is therefore to be worshiped. Thus the Mass is basically nothing but a denial of the one sacrifice and suffering of Jesus Christ and a condemnable idolatry.

Scripture proofs
  • John 19:30; Heb. 7:27; 9:12, 25–26; 10:10–18.

    John 19:30 Therefore when Jesus took the sour wine, He said, “It has been finished.” And having bowed the head, He yielded up the spirit.

    Heb. 7:27 who has no need every day, as the first high priests, to offer up sacrifices for [his] own sins, then for those of the people; for He did this once for all, having offered up Himself.

    9:12, 25–26 12 nor by blood of goats and calves, but through [His] own blood, He entered once for all into the holy [places], having obtained eternal redemption. 25 nor that He should offer Himself many times, just as the high priest enters into the holy [places] every year with the blood of another. 26 Otherwise it was necessary for Him to have suffered many times from the foundation of the world. But now He has been revealed once in the consummation of the ages for the putting away of sin by the sacrifice of Himself.

    10:10–18 10 in which act of will, we are having been sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for all. 11 And indeed every priest has stood every day, serving and offering the same sacrifices many times, which never are able to take away sins. 12 But this One, having offered one sacrifice for sins unto perpetuity, sat down at the right hand of God, 13 [as to] the rest awaiting until His enemies should be placed [as] a footstool for His feet. 14 For by one offering, He has perfected unto perpetuity those being sanctified. 15 And the Holy Spirit also testifies to us. For after having said: 16 “This [is] the covenant that I will make with them after those days, says the Lord, giving My laws on their hearts, and I will inscribe them on their mind,” 17 then [He says]: “Their sins and their lawless acts, I will remember no more.” 18 Now where [there is] forgiveness of these, no longer [is there] an offering concerning sin.

  • 1 Cor. 6:17; 10:16–17.

    1 Cor. 6:17 But the one being joined to the Lord is one spirit.

    10:16–17 16 The cup of blessing that we bless, is [it] not a fellowship of the blood of Christ? The bread that we break, is [it] not a fellowship of the body of Christ? 17 Because [there is] one loaf, we the many are one body; for we all partake of the one loaf.

  • Acts 7:55–56; Heb. 1:3; 8:1.

    Acts 7:55–56 55 But being full of the Holy Spirit, having looked intently into heaven, he saw the glory of God and Jesus standing at the right hand of God, 56 and he said, “Behold, I see the heavens having been opened and the Son of Man standing at the right hand of God.”

    Heb. 1:3 who, being the radiance of [His] glory and the exact imprint of His substance and bearing all things by the word of power—through His having made purification of sins—sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high,

    8:1 Now the main point of the things being said: We have such a high priest, who sat down at the right hand of the throne of the Majesty in the heavens,

  • Matt. 6:20–21; John 4:21–24; Phil. 3:20; Col. 3:1–3.

    Matt. 6:20–21 20 But treasure up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust disfigure, and where thieves do not break in, nor do they steal. 21 For where your treasure is, there will be also your heart.

    John 4:21–24 21 Jesus says to her, “Believe Me, woman, that an hour is coming when neither on this mountain nor in Jerusalem will you⁺ worship the Father. 22 You⁺ worship what you⁺ do not know; we worship what we know, because salvation is of the Jews. 23 But an hour is coming, and now is, when the true worshipers will worship the Father in spirit and truth; for the Father also seeks such who worship Him. 24 God [is] Spirit, and it is necessary for those worshiping Him to worship in spirit and truth.”

    Phil. 3:20 For our citizenship is in the heavens, from where also we eagerly await a Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ,

    Col. 3:1–3 1 If, then, you⁺ were raised with Christ, seek the things above, where Christ is sitting at the right hand of God. 2 Mind the things above, not the things on the earth. 3 For you⁺ died, and your⁺ life has been hidden with Christ in God.

Parallel passages (6+)Westminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 29: Of the Lord's Supper11 shared proof texts · 4 shared topicsLondon Baptist Confession (1689) · Chapter 30: Of the Lord's Supper4 shared proof texts · 5 shared topicsWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 8: Of Christ the Mediator4 shared proof texts · 4 shared topicsWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 11: Of Justification3 shared proof texts · 2 shared topicsWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 17: Of the Perseverance of the Saints3 shared proof texts · shared topicWestminster Larger Catechism · Question 543 shared proof texts · shared topic

Question 92

Q. What is God's law?

A. God spoke all these words: I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery. I. You shall have no other gods before me. II. You shall not make for yourself an idol, whether in the form of anything that is in heaven above, or that is on the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth. You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I the Lord your God am a jealous God, punishing children for the iniquity of parents, to the third and fourth generation of those who reject me, but showing love to the thousandth generation of those who love me and keep my commandments. III. You shall not make wrongful use of the name of the Lord your God, for the Lord will not acquit anyone who misuses his name. IV. Remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy. Six days you shall labor and do all your work. But the seventh day is a Sabbath to the Lord your God; you shall not do any work— you, your son or your daughter, your male or female servant, your livestock, or the alien resident in your towns. For in six days the Lord made the heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, but rested the seventh day; therefore the Lord blessed the Sabbath day and consecrated it. V. Honor your father and your mother, so that your days may be long in the land that the Lord your God is giving to you. VI. You shall not murder. VII. You shall not commit adultery. VIII. You shall not steal. IX. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor. X. You shall not covet your neighbor's house; you shall not covet your neighbor's wife, or male or female servant, or ox, or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbor.

Scripture proofs
  • Ex. 20:1–17; Deut. 5:6–21.

    Ex. 20:1–17 1 And God spoke all these words, saying, 2 “I [am] YHWH your God, who brought you out from the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery. 3 You shall have no other gods before My face. 4 You shall not make for yourself a carved image, or any likeness that [is] in the heavens above, or that [is] in the earth beneath, or that [is] in the waters under the earth. 5 You shall not bow down to them and you shall not serve them; for I, YHWH your God, [am] a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of fathers on sons on the third and on the fourth for those who hate Me, 6 and showing loving devotion to thousands for those who love Me and for those who keep My commandments. 7 You shall not take the name of YHWH your God in vain, for YHWH will not hold guiltless him who takes His name in vain. 8 Remember the Sabbath day to sanctify it. 9 Six days you shall labor and you shall do all your work, 10 and the seventh day [is] a Sabbath to YHWH your God; you shall not do any work—you, and your son, and your daughter, your manservant, and your maidservant, and your livestock, and your sojourner who [is] within your gates. 11 For [in] six days YHWH made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that [is] in them; and He rested on the seventh day. Therefore YHWH blessed the Sabbath day and sanctified it. 12 Honor your father and your mother, so that your days may be long upon the land that YHWH your God is giving to you. 13 You shall not murder. 14 You shall not commit adultery. 15 You shall not steal. 16 You shall not answer against your neighbor [as] a false witness. 17 You shall not covet the house of your neighbor; you shall not covet the wife of your neighbor, or his manservant, or his maidservant, or his ox, or his donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbor.”

    Deut. 5:6–21 6 “I [am] YHWH your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery. 7 You shall have no other gods before Me. 8 You shall not make for yourself a carved image, any likeness that [is] in the heavens above, or that [is] in the earth beneath, or that [is] in the water beneath the earth. 9 You shall not bow down to them and you shall not serve them, for I, YHWH your God, [am] a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the sons and on the third and fourth of those hating Me, 10 and showing loving devotion to thousands, to those loving Me and keeping My commandments. 11 You shall not lift up the name of YHWH your God in vain, for YHWH will not hold guiltless him who lifts up His name in vain. 12 Observe the day of the Sabbath, to keep it holy, as YHWH your God has commanded you. 13 Six days you shall labor and do all your work, 14 and the seventh day [is] the Sabbath to YHWH your God; you shall not do any work—you, and your son, and your daughter, and your manservant, and your maidservant, and your ox, and your donkey, and any of your cattle, and your sojourner who [is] within your gates—that your manservant and your maidservant may rest like you. 15 And remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt, and YHWH your God brought you out from there by a mighty hand and by an outstretched arm. Upon thus YHWH your God commanded you to keep the Sabbath day. 16 Honor your father and your mother, as YHWH your God has commanded you, that your days may be long, that it may be well with you in the land that YHWH your God is giving to you. 17 You shall not murder. 18 And you shall not commit adultery. 19 And you shall not steal. 20 And you shall not bear false witness against your neighbor. 21 And you shall not covet the wife of your neighbor, and you shall not covet the house of your neighbor, his field, and his manservant, and his maidservant, his ox, and his donkey, and anything that [is] unto your neighbor.”

Parallel passages (6+)Second Helvetic Confession · Chapter 12: Of the Law of God33 shared proof texts · shared topicWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 19: Of the Law of God15 shared proof texts · shared topicWestminster Shorter Catechism · Question 578 shared proof texts · 3 shared topicsWestminster Larger Catechism · Question 1158 shared proof texts · 3 shared topicsWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 21: Of Religious Worship and the Sabbath Day7 shared proof texts · 3 shared topicsWestminster Shorter Catechism · Question 496 shared proof texts · shared topic

Question 95

Q. What is idolatry?

A. Idolatry is having or inventing something in which one trusts in place of or alongside of the only true God, who has revealed himself in his Word.

Scripture proofs
  • 1 Chron. 16:26; Gal. 4:8–9; Eph. 5:5; Phil. 3:19.

    1 Chron. 16:26 For all the gods of the peoples [are] nothing, and YHWH made the heavens.

    Gal. 4:8–9 8 But then, indeed, not knowing God, you⁺ were in slavery to those by nature not being gods. 9 But now, having known God, but rather having been known by God, how do you⁺ turn again to the weak and poor elements, to which you⁺ want to be in slavery again anew?

    Eph. 5:5 For this you⁺ know, realizing that every sexually immoral person, or impure person, or covetous person (who is an idolater), has no inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and of God.

    Phil. 3:19 whose end [is] destruction, whose god [is] the belly and [their] glory [is] in their shame, those minding earthly things.

Parallel passages (3)Westminster Larger Catechism · Question 1091 shared proof text · shared topicWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 20: Of Christian Liberty and Liberty of Conscience1 shared proof textWestminster Larger Catechism · Question 1391 shared proof text

Question 96

Q. What is God's will for us in the second commandment?

A. That we in no way make any image of God nor worship him in any other way than has been commanded in God's Word.

Scripture proofs
  • Deut. 4:15–19; Isa. 40:18–25; Acts 17:29; Rom. 1:22–23.

    Deut. 4:15–19 15 And guard greatly your⁺ souls, for you⁺ did not see any form when YHWH spoke to you⁺ at Horeb out of the midst of the fire, 16 lest you⁺ act corruptly and make for yourselves a carved image in the form of any figure, the likeness of male or female— 17 the likeness of any animal that [is] on the earth, or the likeness of any winged bird that flies in the air, 18 the likeness of anything that creeps on the ground, or the likeness of any fish that [is] in the water beneath the earth. 19 And lest you lift up your eyes to the heavens and you see the sun and the moon and the stars—all the host of the heavens—and you feel driven to worship them and serve them, which YHWH your God has given as a heritage to all the peoples under the whole heavens.

    Isa. 40:18–25 18 And to whom would you⁺ liken God? And what likeness will you⁺ arrange for Him? 19 To an idol a craftsman casts, and a metalworker overlays it with gold and fits with chains of silver? 20 One bereft of a contribution chooses a tree not rotten, and a skillful craftsman seeks out for himself to prepare a carved image [that] will not topple? 21 Do you⁺ not know? Have you⁺ not heard? Has it not been declared from the beginning to you⁺? Have you⁺ not understood from the foundations of the earth? 22 He is sitting above the circle of the earth, and its dwellers [are] like grasshoppers; He stretches out the heavens like a curtain, and He spreads them out like a tent to dwell [in]. 23 The One giving the rulers to nothingness, He makes the rulers of the earth as emptiness. 24 Yes, they are hardly planted; yes, they are hardly sown; Yes their stem has hardly taken root in the earth. And also He will blow on them, and they will wither, and the tempest will carry them off like the stubble. 25 “And to whom will you⁺ liken Me? Or [who] is My equal?” Says the Holy One.

    Acts 17:29 Therefore, being offspring of God, we ought not to consider the Divine Being to be like gold or silver or stone, a graven thing of man’s craft and imagination.

    Rom. 1:22–23 22 Professing to be wise, they became fools, 23 and they changed the glory of the immortal God into the likeness of an image of mortal man and birds and quadrupeds and creeping things.

  • Lev. 10:1–7; 1 Sam. 15:22–23; John 4:23–24.

    Lev. 10:1–7 1 And the sons of Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, each took his firepan, and they put fire in it, and they put incense on it, and they brought near before the face of YHWH strange fire, which He had not commanded them. 2 And fire went out from before the face of YHWH, and it consumed them, and they died before the face of YHWH. 3 And Moses said to Aaron, “It [is] what YHWH spoke, saying, ‘By those drawing near to Me I will be shown holy, and before the faces of all the people I will be glorified.’” And Aaron was silent. 4 And Moses called to Mishael and to Elzaphan, the sons of Uzziel the uncle of Aaron, and he said to them, “Draw near, carry your⁺ brothers from the face of the Holy Place, to the outside of the camp.” 5 And they drew near, and they carried them in their tunics to the outside of the camp, as Moses had spoken. 6 And Moses said to Aaron and to Eleazar and to Ithamar his sons, “Do not uncover your⁺ heads and do not tear your⁺ clothes, and you⁺ shall not die, and upon all the congregation He will be angry. And your⁺ brothers, the whole house of Israel, shall weep the burning that YHWH has burned. 7 And you⁺ shall not go out from the door of the Tent of Meeting, lest you⁺ die; for the anointing oil of YHWH [is] upon you⁺.” And they did according to the word of Moses.

    1 Sam. 15:22–23 22 And Samuel said, “Has YHWH delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices, as [in] listening to the voice of YHWH? Behold, to listen is better than sacrifice, [and] to heed than the fat of rams. 23 For [as] the sin of witchcraft [is] rebellion, and iniquity and teraphim [is] stubbornness, because you have rejected the word of YHWH, so He has rejected you as king.”

    John 4:23–24 23 But an hour is coming, and now is, when the true worshipers will worship the Father in spirit and truth; for the Father also seeks such who worship Him. 24 God [is] Spirit, and it is necessary for those worshiping Him to worship in spirit and truth.”

Parallel passages (6+)Westminster Shorter Catechism · Question 519 shared proof texts · 2 shared topicsWestminster Larger Catechism · Question 148 shared proof textsWestminster Larger Catechism · Question 1097 shared proof texts · 2 shared topicsWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 21: Of Religious Worship and the Sabbath Day7 shared proof texts · shared topicWestminster Shorter Catechism · Question 47 shared proof textsWestminster Larger Catechism · Question 66 shared proof texts

Question 97

Q. May we then not make any image at all?

A. God cannot and may not be visibly portrayed in any way. Although creatures may be portrayed, yet God forbids making or having such images in order to worship them or serve God through them.

Scripture proofs
  • Ex. 34:13–14, 17; 2 Kings 18:4–5.

    Ex. 34:13–14, 17 13 But their altars you⁺ shall break down, and their pillars you⁺ shall smash, and their Asherah poles you⁺ shall cut down. 14 For you shall worship no other god, for YHWH, Jealous [is] his name, is a jealous God. 17 Molten gods you shall not make for yourselves.

    2 Kings 18:4–5 4 He turned aside the high places, and he shattered the pillars, and he cut down the Asherah pole, and he crushed the bronze serpent that Moses had made. For until those days the sons of Israel were burning incense to it and calling it Nehushtan. 5 He trusted in YHWH, God of Israel, and after him none was like him among all the kings of Judah, nor those who were before him.

Parallel passages (2)Westminster Larger Catechism · Question 1102 shared proof texts · 2 shared topicsWestminster Shorter Catechism · Question 521 shared proof text · 2 shared topics

Question 98

Q. But may not images, as books for the unlearned, be permitted in churches?

A. No, we should not try to be wiser than God. He wants the Christian community instructed by the living preaching of his Word— not by idols that cannot even talk.

Scripture proofs
  • Rom. 10:14–15, 17; 2 Tim. 3:16–17; 2 Peter 1:19.

    Rom. 10:14–15, 17 14 How then can they call upon One in whom they did not believe? And how can they believe in One of whom they did not hear? And how can they hear apart from one preaching? 15 And how can they preach unless they can be sent? As it has been written: “How beautiful [are] the feet of those proclaiming good news of good things!” 17 So faith [is] by hearing, and hearing [is] through the word of Christ.

    2 Tim. 3:16–17 16 Every Scripture [is] God-breathed and profitable for teaching, for conviction, for correction, [and] for training in righteousness, 17 so that the man of God may be complete, having been completely equipped toward every good work.

    2 Peter 1:19 And we have the more certain prophetic word, to which you⁺ do well taking heed, as to a lamp shining in a dark place, until this day shall have dawned and the morning star shall have arisen in your⁺ hearts,

  • Jer. 10:8; Hab. 2:18–20.

    Jer. 10:8 But they are altogether senseless and foolish, the teaching of of vanities, it [is] of wood!

    Hab. 2:18–20 18 What profit [is] an image when its fashioner has carved it, a molten image and a teacher of falsehood? For the one fashioning trusts upon it [in] his fashioning, making mute idols. 19 Woe [to] the one saying to the wood, ‘Awake!’ Or to a stone of silence, ‘Arise!’ Can it give instruction? Behold, it is overlaid with gold and silver, and not any breath [is] within it.” 20 And YHWH [is] in the temple of His holiness; let all the earth be silent before Him.

Parallel passages (6+)Second Helvetic Confession · Chapter 1: Of the Holy Scripture Being the True Word of God5 shared proof texts · 2 shared topicsWestminster Shorter Catechism · Question 895 shared proof textsWestminster Larger Catechism · Question 1555 shared proof textsWestminster Shorter Catechism · Question 33 shared proof texts · 2 shared topicsWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 1: Of the Holy Scripture3 shared proof texts · 2 shared topicsLondon Baptist Confession (1689) · Chapter 1: Of the Holy Scripture3 shared proof texts · 2 shared topics

Question 49

Q. Which is the second commandment?

A. The second commandment is, Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth: thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I the LORD thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me; and shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me, and keep my commandments.

Scripture proofs
  • Ex. 20:4–6; Deut. 5:8–10.

    Ex. 20:4–6 4 You shall not make for yourself a carved image, or any likeness that [is] in the heavens above, or that [is] in the earth beneath, or that [is] in the waters under the earth. 5 You shall not bow down to them and you shall not serve them; for I, YHWH your God, [am] a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of fathers on sons on the third and on the fourth for those who hate Me, 6 and showing loving devotion to thousands for those who love Me and for those who keep My commandments.

    Deut. 5:8–10 8 You shall not make for yourself a carved image, any likeness that [is] in the heavens above, or that [is] in the earth beneath, or that [is] in the water beneath the earth. 9 You shall not bow down to them and you shall not serve them, for I, YHWH your God, [am] a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the sons and on the third and fourth of those hating Me, 10 and showing loving devotion to thousands, to those loving Me and keeping My commandments.

Parallel passages (6+)Heidelberg Catechism · Question 926 shared proof texts · shared topicWestminster Larger Catechism · Question 1076 shared proof texts · shared topicSecond Helvetic Confession · Chapter 12: Of the Law of God6 shared proof textsWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 1: Of the Holy Scripture3 shared proof textsWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 19: Of the Law of God3 shared proof textsWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 21: Of Religious Worship and the Sabbath Day3 shared proof texts

Question 50

Q. What is required in the second commandment?

A. The second commandment requireth the receiving, observing, and keeping pure and entire, all such religious worship and ordinances as God hath appointed in his Word.

Scripture proofs
  • Deut. 12:32; Matt. 28:20.

    Deut. 12:32 The whole thing, whatever I command you⁺, be careful to observe it. You shall not add to it, nor take away from it.

    Matt. 28:20 teaching them to observe all things, as much as I commanded you⁺. And behold, I am with you⁺ all the days, until the consummation of the age.”

Parallel passages (6+)Westminster Larger Catechism · Question 1082 shared proof texts · 2 shared topicsLondon Baptist Confession (1689) · Chapter 22: Of Religious Worship and the Sabbath Day2 shared proof texts · shared topicWestminster Larger Catechism · Question 1091 shared proof text · 2 shared topicsWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 21: Of Religious Worship and the Sabbath Day1 shared proof text · shared topicWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 1: Of the Holy Scripture1 shared proof text · shared topicWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 25: Of the Church1 shared proof text · shared topic

Question 51

Q. What is forbidden in the second commandment?

A. The second commandment forbiddeth the worshiping of God by images, or any other way not appointed in his Word.

Scripture proofs
  • Deut. 4:15–19; Rom. 1:22–23.

    Deut. 4:15–19 15 And guard greatly your⁺ souls, for you⁺ did not see any form when YHWH spoke to you⁺ at Horeb out of the midst of the fire, 16 lest you⁺ act corruptly and make for yourselves a carved image in the form of any figure, the likeness of male or female— 17 the likeness of any animal that [is] on the earth, or the likeness of any winged bird that flies in the air, 18 the likeness of anything that creeps on the ground, or the likeness of any fish that [is] in the water beneath the earth. 19 And lest you lift up your eyes to the heavens and you see the sun and the moon and the stars—all the host of the heavens—and you feel driven to worship them and serve them, which YHWH your God has given as a heritage to all the peoples under the whole heavens.

    Rom. 1:22–23 22 Professing to be wise, they became fools, 23 and they changed the glory of the immortal God into the likeness of an image of mortal man and birds and quadrupeds and creeping things.

  • Lev. 10:1–2; Jer. 19:4–5; Col. 2:18–23.

    Lev. 10:1–2 1 And the sons of Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, each took his firepan, and they put fire in it, and they put incense on it, and they brought near before the face of YHWH strange fire, which He had not commanded them. 2 And fire went out from before the face of YHWH, and it consumed them, and they died before the face of YHWH.

    Jer. 19:4–5 4 because that they have forsaken Me and made foreign this the place and burned incense in it to other gods, whom they have not known—they and not their fathers and not the kings of Judah. And they have filled this place with the blood of innocents! 5 And they have built the high places of Baal, to burn their sons in the fire [as] burnt offerings to Baal—which I did not command and did not speak, and it did not come upon My heart!

    Col. 2:18–23 18 Let no one disqualify you⁺, delighting in humility and worship of the angels, going into what he has seen, vainly being puffed up by the mind of his flesh, 19 and not holding fast to the head, from whom all the body, being supplied and being knit together by the joints and ligaments, grows with the growth of God. 20 If you⁺ died with Christ, away from the elements of the world, why, as if living in the world, are you⁺ subject to decrees: 21 “You should not handle! You should not taste! You should not touch!”— 22 which are all unto decay with the use, according to the precepts and teachings of men, 23 which, having indeed a word of wisdom in self-willed worship and humility and harsh treatment of the body, are not in any value toward the indulgence of the flesh.

Parallel passages (6+)Westminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 21: Of Religious Worship and the Sabbath Day11 shared proof texts · shared topicWestminster Larger Catechism · Question 10910 shared proof texts · 2 shared topicsHeidelberg Catechism · Question 969 shared proof texts · 2 shared topicsWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 16: Of Good Works6 shared proof textsWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 20: Of Christian Liberty and Liberty of Conscience4 shared proof texts · shared topicSecond Helvetic Confession · Chapter 24: Of Holy Days, Fasts, and the Choice of Meats4 shared proof texts · shared topic

Question 52

Q. What are the reasons annexed to the second commandment?

A. The reasons annexed to the second commandment are, God's sovereignty over us, his propriety in us, and the zeal he hath to his own worship.

Scripture proofs
  • Ps. 95:2–3, 6–7; Ps. 96:9–10.

    Ps. 95:2–3, 6–7 2 Let us come before His face with thanksgiving, let us shout joyfully with psalms to Him! 3 For a great God [is] YHWH, and the great King above all gods— 6 O come, let us worship and bow down; let us kneel before the face of YHWH our Maker! 7 For He [is] our God, and we [are] the people of His pasture, and the sheep of His hand. Today, if you⁺ hear His voice:

    Ps. 96:9–10 9 Bow down before YHWH in the splendor of [His] holiness; tremble before Him, all the earth! 10 Say among the nations, “YHWH reigns!” Surely the world is firmly set—it cannot be shaken; He will judge the peoples with uprightness.

  • Ex. 19:5; Ps. 45:11; Isa. 54:5.

    Ex. 19:5 And now if you⁺ will listen carefully to My voice and keep My covenant, then you⁺ shall be to Me a treasured possession from among all the peoples—for all the earth belongs to Me.

    Ps. 45:11 For the king himself desires your beauty, because he [is] your lord—and bow to him—

    Isa. 54:5 For your husband [is] your Maker; YHWH of Hosts [is] His name; and your Redeemer [is] the Holy One of Israel—He is called the God of all the earth.

  • Ex. 34:14; 1 Cor. 10:22.

    Ex. 34:14 For you shall worship no other god, for YHWH, Jealous [is] his name, is a jealous God.

    1 Cor. 10:22 Or do we provoke the Lord to jealousy? Are we stronger than He?

Parallel passages (6+)Westminster Larger Catechism · Question 1109 shared proof texts · 2 shared topicsLondon Baptist Confession (1689) · Chapter 22: Of Religious Worship and the Sabbath Day4 shared proof texts · shared topicWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 21: Of Religious Worship and the Sabbath Day3 shared proof texts · shared topicWestminster Larger Catechism · Question 1042 shared proof texts · shared topicHeidelberg Catechism · Question 971 shared proof text · 2 shared topicsWestminster Larger Catechism · Question 1851 shared proof text

Question 105

Q. What are the sins forbidden in the first commandment?

A. The sins forbidden in the first commandment are, atheism, in denying or not having a God; idolatry, in having or worshiping more gods than one, or any with or instead of the true God; the not having and avouching him for God, and our God; the omission or neglect of anything due to him, required in this commandment; ignorance, forgetfulness, misapprehensions, false opinions, unworthy and wicked thoughts of him; bold and curious searching into his secrets; all profaneness, hatred of God; self-love, self-seeking, and all other inordinate and immoderate setting of our mind, will, or affections upon other things, and taking them off from him in whole or in part; vain credulity, unbelief, heresy, misbelief, distrust, despair, incorrigibleness, and insensibleness under judgments, hardness of heart, pride, presumption, carnal security, tempting of God; using unlawful means, and trusting in lawful means; carnal delights and joys; corrupt, blind, and indiscreet zeal; lukewarmness, and deadness in the things of God; estranging ourselves, and apostatizing from God; praying, or giving any religious worship, to saints, angels, or any other creatures; all compacts and consulting with the devil, and hearkening to his suggestions; making men the lords of our faith and conscience; slighting and despising God and his commands; resisting and grieving of his Spirit, discontent and impatience at his dispensations, charging him foolishly for the evils he inflicts on us; and ascribing the praise of any good we either are, have, or can do, to fortune, idols, ourselves, or any other creature.

Scripture proofs
  • Ps. 14:1; Eph. 2:12.

    Ps. 14:1 For the one directing. Of David. The fool says in his heart, “There is no God.” They are corrupt; they have done abominable deeds; there is no one doing good.

    Eph. 2:12 that at that time you⁺ were apart from Christ, having been alienated from the commonwealth of Israel, and foreigners to the covenants of the promise, not having hope and without God in the world.

  • Jer. 2:27–28; 1 Thess. 1:9.

    Jer. 2:27–28 27 saying to a tree, ‘You [are] my father,’ and to a stone, ‘You gave me birth.’ For they have turned the nape to Me, and not the faces; but in the time of their trouble they will say, ‘Arise, and save us.’ 28 “And where [are] your gods that you made for yourselves? Let them stand up, if they can save you in the time of your trouble! For [as] the number of your cities, are your gods, O Judah.

    1 Thess. 1:9 For they themselves report concerning us what kind of entrance we had to you⁺, and how you⁺ turned to God from idols, to serve the living and true God,

  • Ps. 81:10–11. (See Rom. 1:21.)

    Ps. 81:10–11 10 I [am] YHWH your God, who brought you out from the land of Egypt; open wide your mouth, and I will fill it. 11 My people would not listen to My voice, and Israel has not consented to Me.

    Rom. 1:21 For having known God, not as God did they glorify [Him], or give thanks, but they became futile in their thoughts and their foolish heart was darkened.

  • Isa. 43:22–24.

    Isa. 43:22–24 22 And not Me you have called, O Jacob, for you have grown weary of Me, O Israel. 23 You have not brought to Me sheep as your burnt offerings, and with your sacrifices you have not honored Me; I have not made you serve with grain offerings, and I have not wearied you with incense. 24 You have not bought Me sweet cane with silver, and [with] the fat of your sacrifices you have not satisfied Me; but you have made Me serve with your sins [and] have wearied Me with your iniquities.

  • Jer. 4:22; Hos. 4:1, 6.

    Jer. 4:22 “For My people [are] foolish—they have not known Me! They [are] foolish children, and they have no understanding! They [are] wise to do evil, and to do good they do not know.

    Hos. 4:1, 6 1 Hear the word of YHWH, O sons of Israel, for a case [is] unto YHWH against those dwelling in the land: “For there is no truth, and there is no loving devotion, and there is no knowledge of God in the land. 6 My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge, because you have rejected knowledge, and I will reject you from being priest unto Me; and you have forgotten the law of your God; I will forget your children also.

  • Jer. 2:32.

    Jer. 2:32 Can a virgin forget her jewelry, [or] a bride her sashes? And My people have forgotten Me for days without number.

  • Acts 17:23, 29.

    Acts 17:23, 29 23 For passing through and examining your⁺ objects of worship, I even found an altar on which had been inscribed: TO AN UNKNOWN GOD. Therefore whom you⁺ worship without knowing, this I proclaim to you⁺. 29 Therefore, being offspring of God, we ought not to consider the Divine Being to be like gold or silver or stone, a graven thing of man’s craft and imagination.

  • Isa. 40:18.

    Isa. 40:18 And to whom would you⁺ liken God? And what likeness will you⁺ arrange for Him?

  • Ps. 50:21.

    Ps. 50:21 These [things] you have done, and I kept silent; you thought I was just like you. I will rebuke you and set in array before your eyes.

  • Deut. 29:29.

    Deut. 29:29 The things hidden are of YHWH our God, and the things revealed [are] to us and to our sons even to forever, that [we] may do all the words of this law.

  • Titus 1:16; Heb. 12:16.

    Titus 1:16 They profess to know God, but in works they deny [Him], being abominable and disobedient and unfit for any good work.

    Heb. 12:16 lest [there be] any sexually immoral person or profane person, as Esau, who for one meal sold his birthright.

  • Rom. 1:30.

    Rom. 1:30 slanderers, hateful to God, insolent, arrogant, boasters; inventors of evil, disobedient to parents;

  • 2 Tim. 3:2.

    2 Tim. 3:2 For men will be lovers of self, lovers of money, boasters, proud, verbally abusive, disobedient to parents, ungrateful, unholy,

  • Phil. 2:21.

    Phil. 2:21 For those all seek the things of themselves, not the things of Jesus Christ.

  • 1 John 2:15–16; Col. 3:2, 5. (See 1 Sam. 2:29.)

    1 John 2:15–16 15 Do not love the world nor the things in the world. If anyone should love the world, the love of the Father is not in him, 16 because all that [is] in the world, the desire of the flesh and the desire of the eyes and the vaunting of life, is not from the Father but is from the world.

    Col. 3:2, 5 2 Mind the things above, not the things on the earth. 5 Put to death, therefore, the members that [are] upon the earth: sexual immorality, impurity, passion, evil desire, and covetousness, which is idolatry,

    1 Sam. 2:29 Why do you⁺ kick at My sacrifice and at My offering, which I have commanded [in My] dwelling place, and honor your sons more than Me, to make yourselves fat with the best of all the offerings of Israel My people?’

  • 1 John 4:1.

    1 John 4:1 Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits, whether they are of God, because many false prophets have gone out into the world.

  • Heb. 3:12.

    Heb. 3:12 See to it, brothers, lest ever there will be in any of you⁺ an evil heart of unbelief in the falling away from the living God.

  • Gal. 5:20; Titus 3:10.

    Gal. 5:20 idolatry, sorcery, hostilities, strife, jealousy, outbursts of rage, rivalries, dissensions, factions,

    Titus 3:10 Reject a divisive man after one and a second admonition,

  • Acts 26:9.

    Acts 26:9 Therefore I indeed in myself thought [it] to be necessary to do many things contrary to the name of Jesus of Nazareth,

  • Ps. 78:22.

    Ps. 78:22 because they did not have faith in God, and they did not trust in His salvation.

  • Gen. 4:13.

    Gen. 4:13 And Cain said to YHWH, “Greater [is] my punishment than I can bear!

  • Jer. 5:3.

    Jer. 5:3 O YHWH, [are] not Your eyes on the truth? You have struck them, and they have not grieved; You have finished them off; they have refused to receive discipline. They have made their faces harder than rock; they have refused to turn back.

  • Isa. 42:25.

    Isa. 42:25 And He poured out on him the heat of His nose and the fierceness of battle; and it has set him on fire all around, and he did not know [it], and it burned him, and he did not set [it] upon [his] heart.

  • Rom. 2:5.

    Rom. 2:5 But according to your hardness and unrepentant heart, you are storing up for yourself wrath in the day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of God,

  • Jer. 13:15.

    Jer. 13:15 Listen and give ear! Do not be proud, for YHWH has spoken.

  • Ps. 19:13.

    Ps. 19:13 Also, hold back Your servant from proud [things]; may they not rule over me. Then I shall be complete, and cleansed of great transgression.

  • Zeph. 1:12.

    Zeph. 1:12 And it will come to pass, at that time [that] I will search Jerusalem with lamps, and I will visit punishment upon the men settled in their dregs, those saying in their heart, ‘YHWH does no good, and He will not bring evil.’

  • Matt. 4:7.

    Matt. 4:7 Jesus said to him, “Again it has been written: ‘You shall not test the Lord your God.’”

  • Rom. 3:8.

    Rom. 3:8 And [is it] not, as we are slandered and as some affirm us to say, “Let us do evil so that the good may come”? Their judgment is just.

  • Jer. 17:5.

    Jer. 17:5 Thus says YHWH: “Cursed is the man who trusts in mankind and makes flesh his arm and turns away his heart from YHWH.

  • 2 Tim. 3:4.

    2 Tim. 3:4 betrayers, reckless, having been puffed up, lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God,

  • Gal. 4:17; Rom. 10:2. (See John 16:2; Luke 9:54–55.)

    Gal. 4:17 They are zealous for you⁺, not nobly, but they want to exclude you⁺ [from us], so that you⁺ may be zealous for them.

    Rom. 10:2 For I testify about them that they have a zeal of God, but not according to knowledge.

    John 16:2 They will put you⁺ out of the synagogues; but an hour is coming that everyone having killed you⁺ will think he is offering a service to God.

    Luke 9:54–55 54 And having seen [it], the disciples James and John said, “Lord, do You want [that] we should call fire to come down from heaven and to consume them?” 55 But having turned, He rebuked them,

  • Rev. 3:16.

    Rev. 3:16 So because you are lukewarm, and neither hot nor cold, I am about to vomit you out of My mouth.

  • Rev. 3:1.

    Rev. 3:1 “And to the angel of the church in Sardis write: These things says the One having the seven Spirits of God and the seven stars. I know your works, that you have a name that you are alive, and yet you are dead.

  • Ezek. 14:5; Isa. 1:4–5.

    Ezek. 14:5 so as to capture the house of Israel by their heart, [in] that they are estranged from Me by all their idols.’

    Isa. 1:4–5 4 Alas, O sinning nation, a people heavy with iniquity, a seed doing evil, sons bringing corruption! They have forsaken YHWH, they have despised the Holy One of Israel, they have become estranged backward. 5 For what should you⁺ be struck still? Should you⁺ continue in rebellion? The whole head is sick, and the whole heart [is] faint.

  • Hos. 4:12; Acts 10:25–26; Rev. 19:10; Matt. 4:10; Col. 2:18; Rom. 1:25.

    Hos. 4:12 My people consult with a piece of wood, and their staff declares [it] to them; for the spirit of prostitution has led them astray, and they have prostituted themselves from under their God.

    Acts 10:25–26 25 And as Peter was entering, Cornelius, having met him, having fallen at [his] feet, worshiped [him]. 26 But Peter lifted him up, saying, “Rise up, I myself am also a man.”

    Rev. 19:10 And I fell before his feet to worship him. And he says to me, “See, no! I am a fellow servant with you and your brothers, those having the testimony of Jesus. Worship God! For the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy.”

    Matt. 4:10 Then Jesus says to him, “Go away, Satan! For it has been written: ‘You shall worship the Lord your God, and Him only shall you serve.’”

    Col. 2:18 Let no one disqualify you⁺, delighting in humility and worship of the angels, going into what he has seen, vainly being puffed up by the mind of his flesh,

    Rom. 1:25 who changed the truth of God into falsehood, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the One having created, who is blessed to the ages! Amen.

  • Lev. 20:6. (See 1 Sam. 28:7, 11; 1 Chron. 10:13–14.)

    Lev. 20:6 And the person who turns to the mediums and to the spiritists to prostitute himself with them, I will set My face against that person and cut him off from among his people.

    1 Sam. 28:7, 11 7 And Saul said to his servants, “Find me a woman who is a medium, that I may go to her and inquire of her.” And his servants said to him, “Behold, a woman of a mistress a familiar spirit [is] at Endor.” 11 And the woman said, “Whom shall I bring up for you?” And he said, “Bring up Samuel for me.”

    1 Chron. 10:13–14 13 And Saul died for his unfaithfulness that he trespassed against YHWH, against the word of YHWH, because he did not keep [it], and also because he consulted a medium to inquire. 14 [He] inquired not of YHWH. And He killed him and turned over the kingdom to David son of Jesse.

  • Acts 5:3.

    Acts 5:3 But Peter said, “Ananias, why did Satan fill your heart [for] you to lie to the Holy Spirit and to keep back from the proceeds of the land?

  • 2 Cor. 1:24. (See Matt. 23:9.)

    2 Cor. 1:24 Not that we lord it over your⁺ faith, but we are fellow workers with you⁺ of joy; for in the faith you⁺ stand firm.

    Matt. 23:9 And you⁺ shall call no one your⁺ father on the earth, for One is your⁺ Father who [is] in heaven.

  • Deut. 32:15; Prov. 13:13. (See 2 Sam. 12:9.)

    Deut. 32:15 And Jeshurun grew fat and kicked—you grew fat, you grew thick, you gorged—and he forsook God [who] made him and scorned the Rock of his salvation.

    Prov. 13:13 The one despising the word is destroyed for it, and the one fearing the command, he will be rewarded.

    2 Sam. 12:9 Why have you despised the commandment of YHWH to do evil in His sight? You have struck Uriah the Hittite with the sword, and his wife you have taken [to be] your wife, and him have killed with the sword of the sons of Ammon.

  • Acts 7:51; Eph. 4:30.

    Acts 7:51 You⁺ stiff-necked and uncircumcised in hearts and ears! You⁺ always resist the Holy Spirit! As [did] your⁺ fathers, also you⁺ [do].

    Eph. 4:30 And do not grieve the Holy Spirit of God, in whom you⁺ were sealed for the day of redemption.

  • Job 1:22; Ps. 73:2–3 (see vv. 13–15, 22).

    Job 1:22 In all this Job did not sin, and he did not ascribe foolishness to God.

    Ps. 73:2–3 2 And [as for] me, at a little stretching out of my feet, my steps had nearly poured out. 3 For I was envious of those boasting [when] I saw the prosperity of the wicked.

  • 1 Sam. 6:7–9; Luke 12:19.

    1 Sam. 6:7–9 7 And now, take and make one new cart, and two suckling cows on which a yoke has not gone up, and hitch the cows to the cart, and return their calves from them to the house. 8 And take the ark of YHWH, and set it on the cart. And the articles of gold that you⁺ are returning to Him [as] a guilt offering, put in the chest by its side, and send it away that it may go. 9 And watch: If it goes up the way of its own border toward Beth-shemesh, He has done to us this great disaster. But if not, then we will know that [it is] not His hand [that] struck us; it happened to us by chance.”

    Luke 12:19 And I will say to my soul, “Soul, you have many good things laid up for many years; take your rest, eat, drink, be merry.”’

  • Dan. 5:23.

    Dan. 5:23 and against the Lord of heaven you have lifted yourself up. And the vessels of His house they have brought before you, and you, and your nobles, your wives, and your concubines, have been drinking wine from them. And to the gods of silver and gold, bronze and iron, wood and stone, which do not see, and do not hear, and do not have knowledge, you have given praise. And to the God in whose hand [is] your breath, and all your ways [are] to Him, you have not shown honor!

  • Deut. 8:17. (See Dan. 4:30.)

    Deut. 8:17 and you say in your heart, “My power and the might of my hand have gained me this wealth.”

    Dan. 4:30 The king answered and said, “Is not this the great Babylon, which I myself have built as a house for the kingdom by the might of my power and for the honor of my majesty?”

  • Hab. 1:16.

    Hab. 1:16 Upon thus he sacrifices to his net, and burns incense to his dragnet, because by them his portion [is] rich and his food fat.

Parallel passages (6+)Westminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 21: Of Religious Worship and the Sabbath Day7 shared proof texts · shared topicWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 5: Of Providence6 shared proof texts · shared topicWestminster Shorter Catechism · Question 475 shared proof texts · 2 shared topicsWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 16: Of Good Works5 shared proof texts · shared topicLondon Baptist Confession (1689) · Chapter 5: Of Divine Providence4 shared proof texts · shared topicWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 1: Of the Holy Scripture4 shared proof texts · shared topic

Question 107

Q. Which is the second commandment?

A. The second commandment is, Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth: thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I the LORD thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me; and shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me, and keep my commandments.

Scripture proofs
  • Ex. 20:4–6. (Cf. Deut. 5:8–10.)

    Ex. 20:4–6 4 You shall not make for yourself a carved image, or any likeness that [is] in the heavens above, or that [is] in the earth beneath, or that [is] in the waters under the earth. 5 You shall not bow down to them and you shall not serve them; for I, YHWH your God, [am] a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of fathers on sons on the third and on the fourth for those who hate Me, 6 and showing loving devotion to thousands for those who love Me and for those who keep My commandments.

    Deut. 5:8–10 8 You shall not make for yourself a carved image, any likeness that [is] in the heavens above, or that [is] in the earth beneath, or that [is] in the water beneath the earth. 9 You shall not bow down to them and you shall not serve them, for I, YHWH your God, [am] a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the sons and on the third and fourth of those hating Me, 10 and showing loving devotion to thousands, to those loving Me and keeping My commandments.

Parallel passages (6+)Heidelberg Catechism · Question 926 shared proof texts · shared topicWestminster Shorter Catechism · Question 496 shared proof texts · shared topicSecond Helvetic Confession · Chapter 12: Of the Law of God6 shared proof textsWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 1: Of the Holy Scripture3 shared proof textsWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 19: Of the Law of God3 shared proof textsWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 21: Of Religious Worship and the Sabbath Day3 shared proof texts

Question 108

Q. What are the duties required in the second commandment?

A. The duties required in the second commandment are, the receiving, observing, and keeping pure and entire, all such religious worship and ordinances as God hath instituted in his Word; particularly prayer and thanksgiving in the name of Christ; the reading, preaching, and hearing of the Word; the administration and receiving of the sacraments; church government and discipline; the ministry and maintenance thereof; religious fasting; swearing by the name of God, and vowing unto him: as also the disapproving, detesting, opposing all false worship; and, according to each one's place and calling, removing it, and all monuments of idolatry.

Scripture proofs
  • Deut. 12:32; Deut. 32:46–47; Matt. 28:20; 1 Tim. 6:13–14. (See Acts 2:42.)

    Deut. 12:32 The whole thing, whatever I command you⁺, be careful to observe it. You shall not add to it, nor take away from it.

    Deut. 32:46–47 46 and He said to them, “Set your⁺ hearts on all the words that I testify among you⁺ today, which you⁺ shall command your⁺ sons to be careful to do—all the words of this law. 47 For it [is] not a futile thing for you⁺, because it [is] your⁺ life, and by this word you⁺ shall prolong days in the land that there you⁺ are passing over the Jordan to possess it.”

    Matt. 28:20 teaching them to observe all things, as much as I commanded you⁺. And behold, I am with you⁺ all the days, until the consummation of the age.”

    1 Tim. 6:13–14 13 I charge you before God, the One giving life to all things, and Christ Jesus, the One having testified the good confession before Pontius Pilate, 14 [for] you to keep the commandment, without stain, above reproach, until the appearing of our Lord Jesus Christ,

    Acts 2:42 Now they were steadfastly continuing in the teaching of the apostles and in the fellowship, in the breaking of the bread and in the prayers.

  • Phil. 4:6; Eph. 5:20.

    Phil. 4:6 Be anxious about nothing, but in everything, by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving, let your⁺ requests be made known to God.

    Eph. 5:20 giving thanks always for all things in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ to the God and Father.

  • Deut. 17:18–19; Acts 15:21; 2 Tim. 4:2; James 1:21–22; Acts 10:33.

    Deut. 17:18–19 18 And it shall come to pass, when he sits on the throne of his kingdom, that he shall write for himself a copy of this law in a book from the one before the faces of the priests, the Levites. 19 And it shall come to pass with him, and he shall read it all the days of his life, that he may learn to fear YHWH his God by carefully observing all the words of this law and doing these statutes,

    Acts 15:21 For Moses has ones proclaiming him in every city from generations of old, being read in the synagogues on every Sabbath.”

    2 Tim. 4:2 Preach the word; be ready in season [and] out of season; convict, rebuke, exhort, in all patience and teaching.

    James 1:21–22 21 Therefore, having put off all filthiness and abundance of wickedness, accept in meekness the implanted word, which is able to save your⁺ souls. 22 But be doers of the word, and not hearers only, deluding yourselves,

    Acts 10:33 Therefore I sent to you at once, and you did well, having come. Now, therefore, we are all present before God to hear all the things having been commanded you by the Lord.”

  • Matt. 28:19. (See 1 Cor. 11:23–30.)

    Matt. 28:19 Therefore, having gone, disciple all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit,

    1 Cor. 11:23–30 23 For I received from the Lord that which also I delivered to you⁺, that the Lord Jesus, in the night in which He was delivered up, took bread, 24 and having given thanks, He broke [it] and said, “This is My body, which [is] for you⁺; do this to the remembrance of Me.” 25 Likewise also the cup after having supped, saying, “This cup is the new covenant in My blood; do this, as often as you⁺ may drink [it], to the remembrance of Me.” 26 For as often as you⁺ may eat this bread and may drink the cup, you⁺ proclaim the death of the Lord until He should come. 27 Therefore, whoever may eat the bread or may drink the cup of the Lord unworthily will be guilty of the body and of the blood of the Lord. 28 But let a man examine himself, and thus let him eat of the bread, and let him drink of the cup. 29 For the one eating and drinking, not discerning the body, eats and drinks judgment on himself. 30 Because of this, many [are] weak and sick among you⁺, and many are fallen asleep.

  • Matt. 18:15–17; Matt. 16:19; 1 Cor. 12:28. (See 1 Cor. 5.)

    Matt. 18:15–17 15 And if your brother may sin against you, go reprove him between you and him alone. If he may hear you, you have gained your brother. 16 But if he may not hear, take with you one or two more, so that ‘every word may be stood upon the testimony of two or three witnesses.’ 17 And if he may fail to hear them, say [it] to the church. And if he may fail to hear even the church, let him be unto you as the Gentile and the tax collector.

    Matt. 16:19 I will give to you the keys of the kingdom of the heavens. And whatever you might bind on the earth will be bound in the heavens, and whatever you might loose on the earth will be loosed in the heavens.”

    1 Cor. 12:28 And some indeed God placed in the church, first apostles, second prophets, third teachers, then miracles, then gifts of healings, helping, administrating, various kinds of tongues.

    1 Corinthians 5 on BibleHub ↗

  • Eph. 4:11–12; 1 Tim. 5:17–18. (See 1 Cor. 9:7–15.)

    Eph. 4:11–12 11 And He gave some indeed [as] apostles, and some [as] prophets, and some [as] evangelists, and some [as] shepherds and teachers, 12 toward the perfecting of the saints for the work of ministry, for the building up of the body of Christ,

    1 Tim. 5:17–18 17 Let the elders presiding well be counted worthy of double honor, especially those laboring in the word and the teaching. 18 For the Scripture says, “You shall not muzzle an ox treading out grain,” and, “The worker [is] worthy of his wages.”

    1 Cor. 9:7–15 7 Who serves as a soldier at his own expense at any time? Who plants a vineyard and does not eat its fruit? Or who shepherds a flock and does not drink from the milk of the flock? 8 Do I not speak these things according to man, or does the law not also say these things? 9 For in the law of Moses it has been written: “You shall not muzzle an ox treading out grain.” Is there care for the oxen with God? 10 Or does He speak because of us entirely? For it was written because of us, because in hope the one plowing ought to plow, and the one threshing—in hope to partake. 11 If we sowed spiritual things among you⁺, [is it] too much if we will reap fleshly things from you⁺? 12 If others partake of the authority over you⁺, [should] we not more? But we did not use this authority. But we bear all things, so that we should not give any hindrance to the gospel of Christ. 13 Do you⁺ not know that those working [in] the temple eat the [things] of the temple, [and] those attending at the altar partake in the altar? 14 So also, the Lord directed those proclaiming the gospel to live from the gospel. 15 But I have not used [any] of these. And neither did I write these things so that it should be thus with me; for [it is] good for me rather to die than that anyone will make void my boasting.

  • Joel 2:12–13; 1 Cor. 7:5.

    Joel 2:12–13 12 “Even now,” a declaration of YHWH, “May you turn to Me with all your⁺ heart, and with fasting, and with weeping, and with mourning.” 13 And rend your⁺ heart and not your⁺ garments. May you return to YHWH your⁺ God, for He [is] gracious and compassionate, slow to anger, and great in loving devotion, and relenting from harm.

    1 Cor. 7:5 Do not deprive one another, except by mutual agreement for a time, so that you⁺ might be at leisure for prayer, and may be together the same again, so that Satan may not tempt you⁺ through your⁺ lack of self-control.

  • Deut. 6:13.

    Deut. 6:13 YHWH your God you shall fear, and Him you shall serve, and by His name you shall swear.

  • Ps. 76:11; Isa. 19:21. (See Ps. 116:14, 18.)

    Ps. 76:11 Make vows to YHWH your⁺ God, and fulfill [them]; let all around Him bring tribute to the Fearsome One.

    Isa. 19:21 And YHWH will make Himself known to Egypt, and Egypt will acknowledge YHWH [on] that day, and they will prepare sacrifice and offering, and they will vow a vow to YHWH and fulfill [it].

    Ps. 116:14, 18 14 I will fulfill My vows to YHWH now in front of all His people. 18 I will fulfill My vows to YHWH now in front of all His people,

  • Acts 17:16–17; Ps. 16:4.

    Acts 17:16–17 16 Now Paul in Athens waiting for them, his spirit was provoked in him, seeing the city to be utterly idolatrous. 17 So indeed he was reasoning in the synagogue with the Jews and those worshiping, and in the marketplace on every day with those meeting.

    Ps. 16:4 May their sorrows be multiplied, those who hurry [after] another! I will not pour out their drink offerings of blood, and I will not lift up their names upon my lips.

  • Deut. 7:5; Isa. 30:22.

    Deut. 7:5 But rather thus you⁺ shall deal with them: Their altars you⁺ shall break down, and their pillars you⁺ shall smash, and their Asherah poles you⁺ shall cut down, and their carved images you⁺ shall burn with the fire.

    Isa. 30:22 And you⁺ will defile the overlaid idols of your silver, and the plating of the molten images of your gold; you will throw them away like menstrual cloths—“Filth!”” You will say to it.

Parallel passages (6+)Westminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 21: Of Religious Worship and the Sabbath Day19 shared proof texts · 3 shared topicsLondon Baptist Confession (1689) · Chapter 26: Of the Church18 shared proof texts · 4 shared topicsWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 30: Of Church Censures12 shared proof texts · 2 shared topicsWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 14: Of Saving Faith10 shared proof texts · 3 shared topicsHeidelberg Catechism · Question 828 shared proof texts · 2 shared topicsWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 29: Of the Lord's Supper7 shared proof texts · 3 shared topics

Question 109

Q. What are the sins forbidden in the second commandment?

A. The sins forbidden in the second commandment are, all devising, counseling, commanding, using, and anywise approving, any religious worship not instituted by God himself; the making any representation of God, of all or of any of the three persons, either inwardly in our mind, or outwardly in any kind of image or likeness of any creature whatsoever; all worshiping of it, or God in it or by it; the making of any representation of feigned deities, and all worship of them, or service belonging to them; all superstitious devices, corrupting the worship of God, adding to it, or taking from it, whether invented and taken up of ourselves, or received by tradition from others, though under the title of antiquity, custom, devotion, good intent, or any other pretense whatsoever; simony;20 sacrilege; all neglect, contempt, hindering, and opposing the worship and ordinances which God hath appointed.

Scripture proofs
  • Num. 15:39.

    Num. 15:39 And you⁺ shall have the tassel, that you⁺ may look upon it and remember all the commandments of YHWH and do them, and that you⁺ do not follow after your⁺ own heart and your⁺ own eyes, after them to which you⁺ are inclined to prostitute yourselves.

  • Deut. 13:6–8.

    Deut. 13:6–8 6 If your brother, the son of your mother, or your son, or your daughter, or the wife of your bosom, or your friend who is as your own soul, entices you secretly, saying, “Let us go and serve other gods” (which you have not known—you and your fathers— 7 of the gods of the peoples who [are] all around you⁺, near to you or far off from you, from the end of the earth and to the end of the earth), 8 you shall not consent to him nor listen to him. Nor shall your eye pity him, nor shall you spare him, nor conceal him,

  • Hos. 5:11; Mic. 6:16.

    Hos. 5:11 Ephraim is oppressed, crushed in judgment, because he was willing to walk after worthless idols.

    Mic. 6:16 And the statutes of Omri are kept, and all the works of the house of Ahab, and you⁺ walk by their counsels. Therefore I will give you to desolation, and your dwellers to hissing, and you⁺ will bear the scorn of the nations.”

  • 1 Kings 11:33; 1 Kings 12:33.

    1 Kings 11:33 because that they have forsaken Me and worshiped Ashtoreth the goddess of the Sidonians, Chemosh the god of the Moabites, and Milcom the god of the sons of Ammon, and have not walked in My ways, to do right in My eyes, and My statutes and My ordinances, as David his father [did].

    1 Kings 12:33 And he made offerings on the altar that he had made at Bethel on the fifteenth day of the eighth month, in the month that he had devised in his own heart, and he ordained a feast for the sons of Israel and offered sacrifices on the altar and burned incense.

  • Deut. 12:30–32; Lev. 10:1–2; Jer. 19:5.

    Deut. 12:30–32 30 take heed to yourself that you are not ensnared to follow them after they are destroyed from before you, that you do not inquire after their gods, saying, “How did these nations serve their gods, and I also will do likewise?” 31 You shall not do thus to YHWH your God, for every abomination to YHWH, which He hates, they have done to their gods. For even their sons and daughters they burn in the fire to their gods. 32 The whole thing, whatever I command you⁺, be careful to observe it. You shall not add to it, nor take away from it.

    Lev. 10:1–2 1 And the sons of Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, each took his firepan, and they put fire in it, and they put incense on it, and they brought near before the face of YHWH strange fire, which He had not commanded them. 2 And fire went out from before the face of YHWH, and it consumed them, and they died before the face of YHWH.

    Jer. 19:5 And they have built the high places of Baal, to burn their sons in the fire [as] burnt offerings to Baal—which I did not command and did not speak, and it did not come upon My heart!

  • Deut. 4:15–16 (see vv. 17–19); Acts 17:29; Rom. 1:21–23, 25.

    Deut. 4:15–16 15 And guard greatly your⁺ souls, for you⁺ did not see any form when YHWH spoke to you⁺ at Horeb out of the midst of the fire, 16 lest you⁺ act corruptly and make for yourselves a carved image in the form of any figure, the likeness of male or female—

    Acts 17:29 Therefore, being offspring of God, we ought not to consider the Divine Being to be like gold or silver or stone, a graven thing of man’s craft and imagination.

    Rom. 1:21–23, 25 21 For having known God, not as God did they glorify [Him], or give thanks, but they became futile in their thoughts and their foolish heart was darkened. 22 Professing to be wise, they became fools, 23 and they changed the glory of the immortal God into the likeness of an image of mortal man and birds and quadrupeds and creeping things. 25 who changed the truth of God into falsehood, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the One having created, who is blessed to the ages! Amen.

  • Gal. 4:8. (See Dan. 3:18.)

    Gal. 4:8 But then, indeed, not knowing God, you⁺ were in slavery to those by nature not being gods.

    Dan. 3:18 But if not, let it be known to you, O king, that to your gods we are not serving, and to the image of gold that you have set up we will not give homage.”

  • Ex. 32:5.

    Ex. 32:5 And Aaron saw, and he built an altar before its face. And Aaron proclaimed and said, “Tomorrow [is] a feast to YHWH.”

  • Ex. 32:8.

    Ex. 32:8 They have turned aside quickly from the way that I commanded them! They have made for themselves a molten calf and they have bowed down to it, and they have sacrificed to it and they have said, ‘These [are] your gods, O Israel, who brought you up from the land of Egypt!’”

  • 1 Kings 18:26, 28. (See Isa. 65:11.)

    1 Kings 18:26, 28 26 And they took the bull that was given to them, and they prepared [it] and called on the name of the Baal from the morning and until the noon, saying, “O Baal, answer us.” And [there was] no voice, and no one answered. And they leaped about the altar that they had made. 28 And they called out in a loud voice, and they cut themselves according to their custom with the swords and with the spears, until the blood gushed out over them.

    Isa. 65:11 And you⁺ forsaking YHWH, those forgetful of My holy mountain, of those arranging a table for Gad, and those filling mixed wine for Meni—

  • Acts 17:22; Col. 2:21–23.

    Acts 17:22 And Paul, having stood in the midst of the Areopagus, was saying, “Men, Athenians, in all things I perceive you⁺ as very religious.

    Col. 2:21–23 21 “You should not handle! You should not taste! You should not touch!”— 22 which are all unto decay with the use, according to the precepts and teachings of men, 23 which, having indeed a word of wisdom in self-willed worship and humility and harsh treatment of the body, are not in any value toward the indulgence of the flesh.

  • Mal. 1:7–8, 14.

    Mal. 1:7–8, 14 7 By bringing near upon My altar food [that is] defiled. And you⁺ say, ‘In what way have we defiled You?’ By your⁺ saying [that] the table of YHWH, it is despised! 8 For when you⁺ offer the blind as a sacrifice, [is it] not evil? And when you⁺ offer the lame and sick, [is it] not evil? Offer it now to your governor! Would he be pleased with you or would he lift up your face?” Says YHWH of Hosts. 14 “And cursed [is] the one plotting, and a male is in his flock, and vowing [it] and sacrificing [what] is blemished to the Lord. For I [am] a great King,” says YHWH of Hosts, “And My name is feared among the nations.

  • Deut. 4:2.

    Deut. 4:2 You⁺ shall not add to the word that I command you⁺, nor take from it, that you may keep the commandments of YHWH your⁺ God that I command you⁺.

  • Ps. 106:39.

    Ps. 106:39 And they were defiled by their deeds and prostituted themselves by their practices.

  • Matt. 15:9.

    Matt. 15:9 and in vain they worship Me, teaching [as] teachings the precepts of men.’”

  • 1 Peter 1:18.

    1 Peter 1:18 knowing that were you⁺ redeemed from your⁺ futile conduct handed down from [your] fathers, not with perishable things—with silver or with gold—

  • Jer. 44:17.

    Jer. 44:17 For we will surely do will we do every word that has gone forth from our mouth, burning incense to the queen of the heavens, and pouring out to her drink offerings, as we have done—we, and our fathers, our kings, and our princes, in the cities of Judah, and in the streets of Jerusalem. And we were satisfied [with] food, and we were well, and we did not see evil.

  • Isa. 65:3–5; Gal. 1:13–14.

    Isa. 65:3–5 3 the people provoking Me to my face continually, offering sacrifices in the gardens and burning incense on the bricks, 4 sitting among the graves and spending nights in lookouts, those eating the flesh of swine and the broth of of abominations [in] their vessels; 5 those saying, ‘Keep yourself away; do not come near to me, for I am set apart [from] you’—these [are] smoke in My nostrils, a fire burning all the day!

    Gal. 1:13–14 13 For you⁺ heard of my conduct formerly in Judaism, that according to excess I was persecuting the church of God and was ravaging it. 14 And I was advancing in Judaism beyond many contemporaries among my kindred, being more abundantly zealous for the traditions of my fathers.

  • 1 Sam. 13:11–12; 1 Sam. 15:21.

    1 Sam. 13:11–12 11 And Samuel said, “What have you done?” And Saul said, “Because I saw that the people were scattered from me, and you did not come within the appointed days, and the Philistines gathered together at Michmash, 12 then I said, ‘Now the Philistines will come down upon me at Gilgal, and to YHWH I have not made supplication.’ And I forced myself and I offered the burnt offering.”

    1 Sam. 15:21 And the people took from the plunder sheep and oxen, the first part of the devoted thing, to sacrifice to YHWH your God in Gilgal.”

  • Rom. 2:22; Mal. 3:8.

    Rom. 2:22 [You] who are saying not to commit adultery, do you commit adultery? [You] who are abhorring idols, do you rob temples?

    Mal. 3:8 Will a man rob God? Yet you⁺ have robbed Me. And you⁺ say, ‘In what way have we robbed You?’ In the tithe and the contribution.

  • Ex. 4:24–26.

    Ex. 4:24–26 24 And it came to pass on the way, at the lodging place, that YHWH met him and sought to put him to death. 25 And Zipporah took a sharp stone and cut off the foreskin of her son, and she touched it to his feet and said, “Surely you [are] a bridegroom of blood to me.” 26 And He let him alone. (At that time she said, “[You are] a bridegroom of blood,” because of the circumcision.)

  • Matt. 22:5; Mal. 1:7, 13.

    Matt. 22:5 And having disregarded [it], they went away, one to [his] own field, and one to his business.

    Mal. 1:7, 13 7 By bringing near upon My altar food [that is] defiled. And you⁺ say, ‘In what way have we defiled You?’ By your⁺ saying [that] the table of YHWH, it is despised! 13 and You⁺ also say, ‘Behold, a weariness,’ and you⁺ sneer at it,” says YHWH of Hosts, “And you⁺ bring the stolen, and the lame, and the sick, and you⁺ bring the offering! Should I accept this from your⁺ hands?” Says YHWH.

  • Matt. 23:13.

    Matt. 23:13 But woe to you⁺, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you⁺ shut up the kingdom of the heavens before men. For you⁺ do not enter, nor even do you⁺ allow those who are entering to enter.

  • Acts 13:44–45. (See 1 Thess. 2:15–16.)

    Acts 13:44–45 44 And on the coming Sabbath, almost all the city was gathered together to hear the word of the Lord. 45 But the Jews, having seen the crowds, were filled with jealousy, and they began contradicting the things spoken by Paul, blaspheming.

    1 Thess. 2:15–16 15 who, having killed both the Lord Jesus and the prophets, and having driven us out; and [they are] not pleasing God and contrary to all men, 16 forbidding us to speak to the Gentiles so that they might be saved, so as to fill up their sins always. Now the wrath has come upon them to the end.

Parallel passages (6+)Westminster Shorter Catechism · Question 5110 shared proof texts · 2 shared topicsWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 16: Of Good Works10 shared proof texts · shared topicWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 21: Of Religious Worship and the Sabbath Day9 shared proof texts · shared topicHeidelberg Catechism · Question 967 shared proof texts · 2 shared topicsWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 20: Of Christian Liberty and Liberty of Conscience4 shared proof texts · 2 shared topicsSecond Helvetic Confession · Chapter 24: Of Holy Days, Fasts, and the Choice of Meats3 shared proof texts · shared topic

Question 110

Q. What are the reasons annexed to the second commandment, the more to enforce it?

A. The reasons annexed to the second commandment, the more to enforce it, contained in these words, For I the LORD thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me; and shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me, and keep my commandments; are, besides God's sovereignty over us, and propriety in us, his fervent zeal for his own worship, and his revengeful indignation against all false worship, as being a spiritual whoredom; accounting the breakers of this commandment such as hate him, and threatening to punish them unto divers generations; and esteeming the observers of it such as love him and keep his commandments, and promising mercy to them unto many generations.

Scripture proofs
  • Ex. 20:5–6.

    Ex. 20:5–6 5 You shall not bow down to them and you shall not serve them; for I, YHWH your God, [am] a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of fathers on sons on the third and on the fourth for those who hate Me, 6 and showing loving devotion to thousands for those who love Me and for those who keep My commandments.

  • Ps. 45:11; Rev. 15:3–4. (See Ps. 95:2–3, 6–7; Ex. 19:5; Isa. 54:5.)

    Ps. 45:11 For the king himself desires your beauty, because he [is] your lord—and bow to him—

    Rev. 15:3–4 3 And they are singing the song of Moses the servant of God and the song of the Lamb, saying, “Great and marvelous [are] Your works, Lord God Almighty! Righteous and true [are] Your ways, O King of the nations! 4 Who should not fear [You], O Lord, and will glorify Your name? For [You] alone [are] holy. For all the nations will come and will worship before You, because Your righteous acts were revealed.”

    Ps. 95:2–3, 6–7 2 Let us come before His face with thanksgiving, let us shout joyfully with psalms to Him! 3 For a great God [is] YHWH, and the great King above all gods— 6 O come, let us worship and bow down; let us kneel before the face of YHWH our Maker! 7 For He [is] our God, and we [are] the people of His pasture, and the sheep of His hand. Today, if you⁺ hear His voice:

    Ex. 19:5 And now if you⁺ will listen carefully to My voice and keep My covenant, then you⁺ shall be to Me a treasured possession from among all the peoples—for all the earth belongs to Me.

    Isa. 54:5 For your husband [is] your Maker; YHWH of Hosts [is] His name; and your Redeemer [is] the Holy One of Israel—He is called the God of all the earth.

  • Ex. 34:13–14.

    Ex. 34:13–14 13 But their altars you⁺ shall break down, and their pillars you⁺ shall smash, and their Asherah poles you⁺ shall cut down. 14 For you shall worship no other god, for YHWH, Jealous [is] his name, is a jealous God.

  • 1 Cor. 10:20–22; Ezek. 16:26–27. (See Jer. 7:18–20; Deut. 32:16–20.)

    1 Cor. 10:20–22 20 [No], but that which the Gentiles sacrifice, they sacrifice to demons and not to God. And I do not want you⁺ to be fellow sharers with demons. 21 You⁺ are not able to drink a cup of the Lord and a cup of demons. You⁺ are not able to partake of the table of the Lord and of the table of demons. 22 Or do we provoke the Lord to jealousy? Are we stronger than He?

    Ezek. 16:26–27 26 And you prostituted yourself with the sons of Egypt, your neighbors, greatly fleshly, and you multiplied your prostitutions to provoke Me to anger. 27 And behold, I stretched out My hand against you, and I diminished your portion, and I gave you over to the appetite of those hating you, the daughters of the Philistines, who were ashamed of your way of prostitution.

    Jer. 7:18–20 18 The sons gather wood, and the fathers kindle the fire, and the women knead dough to make cakes for the queen of heaven, and [they] pour out drink offerings to other gods, that they may provoke Me to anger. 19 Do they provoke Me to anger? A declaration of YHWH. Is it not themselves, to the shame of their own faces? 20 Therefore thus says the Lord YHWH: Behold, My anger and My fury are being poured out toward this place, upon man, and upon beast, and upon the tree of the field, and upon the fruit of the ground; and it will burn, and not be extinguished.

    Deut. 32:16–20 16 They provoked Him to jealousy with foreign [gods]; with abominations they provoked Him to anger. 17 They sacrificed to demons, not to God, to gods they had not known. New ones—from the vicinity they came—that your⁺ fathers did not fear. 18 The Rock [who] brought you forth you neglected, and you forgot the God who gave you birth. 19 And YHWH saw [it], and He spurned [them], from the provocation of His sons and His daughters. 20 And He said, “I will hide My face from them, I shall see what [is] their end; for a perverse generation are they, sons in whom [is] no faithfulness.

  • Hos. 2:2–4.

    Hos. 2:2–4 2 Plead with your⁺ mother—plead, for she [is] not My wife, and I [am] not her Husband—that she might turn aside her prostitution from her face, and her adultery from between her breasts, 3 lest I strip her naked, and expose her like the day of her being born, and make her like the desert, and set her like a parched land, and kill her with thirst! 4 And I will not show compassion [to] her children, for they [are] sons of prostitution.

  • Deut. 5:29.

    Deut. 5:29 O that their heart had been given thus, to fear Me and to keep all My commandments all the days, so that it may be well with them and with their sons forever!

Parallel passages (6+)Westminster Shorter Catechism · Question 529 shared proof texts · 2 shared topicsLondon Baptist Confession (1689) · Chapter 22: Of Religious Worship and the Sabbath Day6 shared proof texts · shared topicWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 21: Of Religious Worship and the Sabbath Day5 shared proof texts · shared topicWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 19: Of the Law of God3 shared proof textsHeidelberg Catechism · Question 813 shared proof textsHeidelberg Catechism · Question 922 shared proof texts · 2 shared topics

Chapter XIV: What Works Are Reputed Good before God

We confess and acknowledge that God has given to man His holy law (Ex. 20; Deut. 4–5) in which not only are forbidden all such works as displease and offend His godly majesty, but also are commanded all such as please Him and as He has promised to reward. And these works be of two sorts. The one are done to the honor of God; the other to the profit of our neighbors; and both have the revealed will of God for their assurance. To have one God, to worship and honor Him, to call upon Him in all our troubles, reverence His holy name, to hear His Word, to believe the same, to communicate with His holy sacraments are the works of the first table. To honor father and mother (Eph. 6), princes, rulers and superior powers (Rom. 13; 1 Tim. 2, 6), to love them, to support them, yes to obey their charges (not repugnant to the commandments of God), to save the lives of innocents (Ezek. 22), to repress tyranny (Jer. 22), to defend the oppressed (Isa. 58), to keep our bodies clean and holy (1 Thess. 4), to live in sobriety and temperance (Luke 2), to deal justly with all men both in word and deed, and finally to repress all appetite of our neighbor's hurt, are the good works of the second table which are most pleasing and acceptable unto God as those works that are commanded by Himself. The contrary of which is sin most odious which always displeases Him and provokes Him to anger (Eph. 5). As not to call upon Him alone when we have need, not to hear His Word with reverence, to condemn and despise it, to have or to worship idols, to maintain and defend idolatry, lightly to esteem the revered name of God, to profane, abuse, or condemn the sacraments of Christ Jesus, to disobey or resist any that God has placed in authority (while they pass not over the bounds of their office) (Rom. 13), to murder, to consent thereto, to bear hatred or to suffer innocent blood to be shed, if we may withstand it (Ezek. 22), and finally the transgression of any other commandment in the first or second table, we confess and affirm to be sin by which God's hot displeasure is kindled against the proud and unthankful world.

So that good works we affirm to be these only that are done in faith, at God's commandment, who in His law has expressed what are the things that please Him. And evil works we affirm [are] not only those that expressly are done against God's commandment, but those also that in matters of religion and worshipping of God have no other assurance but the invention and opinion of man, which God from the beginning has ever rejected. As by the prophet Isaiah and by our master Christ Jesus, we are taught in these words, "In vain do they worship Me, teaching the doctrines and precepts of men" (Isa. 29; Matt. 13).

Scripture proofs
Parallel passages (6+)Second Helvetic Confession · Chapter 19: Of the Sacraments of the Church of Christ5 shared topicsCanons of Dort · First Head: Rejection of the Errors5 shared topicsWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 14: Of Saving Faith5 shared topicsLondon Baptist Confession (1689) · Chapter 1: Of the Holy Scripture5 shared topicsHeidelberg Catechism · Question 864 shared topicsCanons of Dort · Conclusion: Rejection of False Accusations4 shared topics

Chapter 4: Of Idols or Images of God, of Christ, and of Saints

And because God is an invisible Spirit, and an incomprehensible essence, He cannot, therefore, by any art or image be expressed. For which cause we fear not, with the Scripture, to term the images of God mere lies. We do, therefore, reject not only the idols of the Gentiles, but also the images of Christians. For although Christ took upon Him man's nature, yet He did not, therefore, take it that He might set forth a pattern for carvers and painters. He denied that He came "to destroy the Law and the prophets" (Matt. 5:17), but images are forbidden in the Law and the prophets. He denied that His bodily presence would any way profit the church (Deut. 4:15; Isa. 40:18). He promises that "He would by His Spirit be present with us for ever" (John 16:7; 2 Cor. 5:5); who would then believe that the shadow or picture of His body in any way benefits the godly? And seeing that He abides in us by His Spirit, "We are therefore the temples of God" (1 Cor. 3:16), but "what agreement hath the temple of God with images?" (2 Cor. 6:16). And seeing that the blessed spirits and saints in heaven, while they lived here abhorred all worship done unto themselves (Acts 14:15; Rev. 14:7; 19:10; 22:8–9) and spoke against images, who can think it likely that the saints in heaven and the angels are delighted with their own images, to whom men bow their knees, uncover their heads and give such other like honor?

But that men might be instructed in religion, and put in mind of heavenly things and of their own salvation, the Lord commanded "preach the gospel" (Mark 16:15), not to paint and instruct the laity by pictures: He also instituted sacraments, but nowhere did He appoint images. Furthermore, in every place, in whatever way we turn our eyes, we see the lively and true creatures of God, which if they are marked, as is meet, they much more effectually move the beholder than all the images; or vain, unmovable, rotten, and dead pictures of men whatsoever; of which the prophet spoke truly, "They have eyes, and see not" (Ps. 115:5).

Therefore, we approve the judgment of Lactantius, an ancient writer, who says, "Undoubtedly there is no religion, wheresoever there is a picture." And we affirm that the blessed bishop Epiphanius did well, who, finding on the church doors a veil, that had painted on it the picture as it might be of Christ or of some saint or other, he cut and took it away; for, contrary to the authority of the Scriptures, he had seen the picture of a man hanging in the church of Christ: and, therefore, he charged that from thenceforth no such veils, which were contrary to our religion, should be hung up in the church of Christ, but that rather such scruple should be taken away which was unworthy the church of Christ and all faithful people. Moreover we approve this sentence of St. Augustine, "Let not the worship of men's works be a religion unto us. For the workmen themselves that make such things are better; whom yet we ought not to worship" (De Vera Religion, Chap. 55).

Scripture proofs
  • Matt. 5:17

    Matt. 5:17 Do not suppose that I came to abolish the Law or the Prophets. I did not come to abolish, but to fulfill.

  • Deut. 4:15; Isa. 40:18

    Deut. 4:15 And guard greatly your⁺ souls, for you⁺ did not see any form when YHWH spoke to you⁺ at Horeb out of the midst of the fire,

    Isa. 40:18 And to whom would you⁺ liken God? And what likeness will you⁺ arrange for Him?

  • John 16:7; 2 Cor. 5:5

    John 16:7 But I say to you⁺ the truth, it is profitable for you⁺ that I should go away. For unless I go away, the Advocate will not come to you⁺; but if I go, I will send Him to you⁺.

    2 Cor. 5:5 Now the One having prepared us for this very [thing] [is] God, the One having given to us the pledge of the Spirit,

  • 1 Cor. 3:16

    1 Cor. 3:16 Do you⁺ not know that you⁺ are God’s temple, and the Spirit of God dwells in you⁺?

  • 2 Cor. 6:16

    2 Cor. 6:16 And what agreement [has] the temple of God with idols? For we are the temple of the living God. As God has said: “I will dwell in them, and I will walk among [them], and I will be their God, and they will be My people.”

  • Acts 14:15; Rev. 14:7; 19:10; 22:8–9

    Acts 14:15 and saying, “Men, why do you⁺ do these things? We also are men of like nature with you⁺, proclaiming the gospel to you⁺ to turn from these vain [things] to the living God, who made the heaven and the earth and the sea and all the things in them,

    Rev. 14:7 saying in a loud voice, “Fear God and give Him glory, because the hour of His judgment came. And worship the One having made the heaven and the earth and sea and springs of waters.”

    19:10 And I fell before his feet to worship him. And he says to me, “See, no! I am a fellow servant with you and your brothers, those having the testimony of Jesus. Worship God! For the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy.”

    22:8–9 8 And I, John, [am] the one hearing and seeing these things. And when I heard and saw, I fell to worship before the feet of the angel showing me these things. 9 And he says to me, “See, no! I am your fellow servant, and of your brothers the prophets, and of those keeping the words of this book. Worship God!”

  • Mark 16:15

    Mark 16:15 And He said to them, “Having gone into all the world, proclaim the gospel to all the creation.

  • Ps. 115:5

    Ps. 115:5 A mouth [is] unto them, and they do not speak; eyes [are] unto them, and they do not see;

Parallel passages (6+)Westminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 21: Of Religious Worship and the Sabbath Day3 shared proof texts · 2 shared topicsHeidelberg Catechism · Question 943 shared proof texts · shared topicWestminster Larger Catechism · Question 1052 shared proof texts · 3 shared topicsHeidelberg Catechism · Question 962 shared proof texts · 2 shared topicsWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 19: Of the Law of God2 shared proof texts · shared topicWestminster Confession of Faith · Chapter 2: Of God, and of the Holy Trinity2 shared proof texts · shared topic

Chapter 27: Of Rites, Ceremonies and Things Indifferent

Unto the ancient people were given in old time certain ceremonies, as a kind of schooling to those which were kept under the Law, as under a schoolmaster or tutor. But Christ the deliverer, being once come and the Law taken away, we which believe are no more under the Law (Rom. 6:14) and the ceremonies have vanished out of use. And the apostles were so far from retaining them or restoring them in the church of Christ that they witnessed plainly that they would not lay any burden upon the church (Acts 15:28). Wherefore we should seem to bring in and set up Judaism again, if we should multiply ceremonies or rites in the church according to the manner of the old church. And thus we are not of their judgment who would have the church of Christ kept in with many and divers rites as it were with a certain schooling. For if the apostles would not thrust upon the Christian people the ceremonies and rites which were appointed by God, who is there, I pray you, that is well in his wits, that will thrust upon it the inventions devised by man? The greater the heap of ceremonies is in the church, so much the more is taken not only from Christian liberty but also from Christ and from faith in Him; while the people seek those things in ceremonies which they should seek in the only Son of God, Jesus Christ, through faith. Wherefore a few moderate and simple rites that are not contrary to the Word of God are sufficient for the godly.

And in that there is found diversity of rites in the churches, let no man say, therefore, that the churches do not agree. Socrates says, "It is not possible to set down in writing all the ceremonies of the churches, which are throughout cities and countries. No religion doth keep everywhere the same ceremonies, although they admit and receive one and the selfsame doctrine touching them for even they which have one and the selfsame faith, do disagree among themselves about ceremonies." Thus much says Socrates; and we at this day having diversities in the celebration of the Lord's Supper, and in certain other things in our churches, yet we do not disagree in doctrine and faith, neither is the unity and society of our churches rent asunder. For the churches have always used their liberty in such rites as being things indifferent, which we also do at this day.

But yet, notwithstanding, we admonish men to take heed that they count not among things indifferent such as indeed are not indifferent; as some count the mass and the use of images in the church for things indifferent. "That is indifferent (said Jerome to Augustine) which is neither good nor evil, so that whether you do it, or do it not, you are never the more just, or unjust thereby." Therefore, when things indifferent are wrested to the confession of faith, they cease to be free: as Paul shows that it is lawful for a man to eat flesh, if no man admonishes him that it was offered to idols (1 Cor. 10:27–28), for then it is unlawful because he that eats it seems to approve idolatry by eating it.

Scripture proofs
  • Rom. 6:14

    Rom. 6:14 For sin will not rule over you⁺, for you⁺ are not under law, but under grace.

  • Acts 15:28

    Acts 15:28 For it seemed good to the Holy Spirit and to us to lay upon you⁺ no further burden except these necessary things:

  • 1 Cor. 10:27–28

    1 Cor. 10:27–28 27 If any of the unbelieving ones invites you⁺, and you⁺ want to go, eat everything being set before you⁺, inquiring nothing because of conscience. 28 But if anyone should say to you⁺, “This is offered to an idol,” do not eat [it], because of the one having informed [you], and conscience—

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